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Drug resistance associated genes in Candida spp.

Species Genes Count
C. albicansCAP1, CDR1, CDR2, ERG11, ERG2, ERG3, ERG5, ERG6, FCY1, FKS1, FUR1, GSC1, GWT1, MRR1, MRR2, orf19.7235, RPP1A, TAC1, UPC2, ZCF2920
C. aurisADE17, CDR1, CIS2, ERG11, ERG2, ERG3, ERG4, ERG5, FCY1, FCY2, FKS1, FLO8, FUR1, MEC3, MRR1, PEA2, SNQ2, STE6, TAC1, TAC1B20
C. catenulataERG111
C. dubliniensisERG11, ERG3, FKS1, MRR14
C. glabrataAUS1, CAGL0L04400g, CAGL0L09383g, CDR1, ERG1, ERG11, ERG2, ERG3, ERG4, ERG6, ERG9, FCY1, FCY2, FKS1, FKS2, FKS3, FLR1, FPS1, FPS2, FUR1, GAL11A, GAL11B, GWT1, HST1, MSH2, PDH1, PDR1, PGS1, SIN3, SNQ2, UPC2A, ZCF1532
C. haemuloniiERG11, FKS12
C. kefyrERG11, ERG2, ERG3, ERG6, FKS15
C. kruseiERG11, FKS12
C. lusitaniaeERG11, ERG3, FKS1, MRR1, RLM1, RPL8B, SEC24, SIP3, SYG19
C. metapsilosisFKS11
C. orthopsilosisERG11, FKS12
C. parapsilosisCDR1, ERG11, ERG3, FKS1, MDR1, MRR1, TAC1, UPC28
C. tropicalisERG1, ERG11, ERG3, FKS1, MDR1, MRR1, TAC1, UPC28

Unique mutations in drug resistance associated genes of Candida spp.

Species Genes Unique mutations Count
C. albicansCAP1A390T, G481E, P311S, S381N4
C. albicansCDR1A1416E, A713P, C712S, F1235C, F1399Y, G547R, I916V, N1240D, N535I, Q1388P, Q714P, R546T, R546Y, S542L, S542P, T540I, T842S, T950S, V1322A, V1322G, W1295S, Y544F22
C. albicansCDR2L1337F, R683T2
C. albicansERG11A114S, A114V, A149V, A298V, A317T, A434V, A516P, A61E, A61V, D117E, D153E, D225G, D266D, D269E, D278E, D278N, D446E, D446N, D502E, D9V, E116D, E165K, E174A, E208K, E391G, E517Q, F103L, F105L, F126L, F145I, F145L, F198L, F380S, F416S, F422L, F449L, F449S, F449V, F72L, F72S, G129A, G129R, G206D, G227D, G307S, G346A, G448E, G448R, G448V, G464S, G465S, H283D, H283R, I253V, I471M, I471T, I483V, K128T, K143E, K143Q, K143R, K252E, K287R, L321F, L370S, L376F, L403F, L480F, M258L, N349S, N435V, N440S, N490T, P230L, P236S, P30S, P375H, P503L, P56S, P68L, P98S, Q21R, Q250S, R157K, R467I, R467K, R469K, R523G, S16V, S279F, S405F, S412T, T123I, T128K, T199I, T220L, T229A, T482A, T525I, V130I, V234F, V332L, V437I, V452A, V456I, V509M, V88I, Y132C, Y132F, Y132H, Y257H, Y286D, Y447H, Y447S, Y64H, Y79C116
C. albicansERG2F105fs, G129D, G183V, H95P, I16N, L185X, L58X, S97P, W79X9
C. albicansERG3A18P, A351V, A353T, D103N, D147G, D19E, G261E, H243N, K97E, L122-I125del, L193P, L193R, R352H, R365G, S191P, T291I, T329S, T330A, V237A, V351A, W219C, W228Stop, W332R, Y190stop, Y235stop25
C. albicansERG5116RDLARKILSS125insertion1
C. albicansERG6D60N, I222V, Y194F, Y366X4
C. albicansFCY1A31G, A31R, G107A, G107R4
C. albicansFKS1D1337Y, D648S, D648Y, D698Y, F641I, F641L, F641S, F641Y, L642V, L644G, L644V, L701M, P1354S, P649H, P649L, R1360K, R1360L, R1361G, R1361H, R1361L, R1361S, R647G, R647K, S629P, S645F, S645P, S645Y, S654P, T1363G, T643I, W1358R, W1358S32
C. albicansFUR1C301Y, R101C2
C. albicansGSC1F641C, M696V, P649H, S645P4
C. albicansGWT1V162A1
C. albicansMRR1A880E, E1020Q, F1032L, G878E, G947S, G997V, K335N, K884E, L998F, N803D, N937K, P683H, P683S, Q350L, R557K, R873T, S1037L, T360I, T381I, T896I, T917M, T923I, W893R23
C. albicansMRR2A459T, A468G, E439K, H31Y, H358N, L144V, S165N, S466L, S469T, S480P, T145A, T386I, T470N, T83A14
C. albicansorf19.7235D216Y1
C. albicansRPP1AD106E, D97E2
C. albicansTAC1962-969Del, A736C, A736T, A736V, A790V, C858Y, E461K, E841G, F973S, F974L, G649D, G980E, G980W, H263Y, H741Y, H839Y, K87N, L47K, L962-N969del, L979E, M170I, M677del, N174D, N740D, N740S, N823K, N896S, N972D, N972S, N977D, N977K, P276L, P971S, R673L, R673Q, R688Q, S108N, S264P, S290C, S937L, T225A, W442stop, W486C43
C. albicansUPC2A446Y, A451V, A643T, A643V, A646V, D654N, G304R, G648D, G648S, G657D, K684E, P259W, Q703L, S249K, S401R, T273A, W478C, Y642F18
C. albicansZCF29W986L1
C. aurisADE17G45V1
C. aurisCDR1E709D, L1124P, V704L3
C. aurisCIS2A27T, K74E2
C. aurisERG11E343D, E429stop, F105L, F124L, F126L, F132Y, F444L, G54W, I466L, I74L, K143R, K177A, K177R, L125F, N335S, V125A, Y132F17
C. aurisERG2E39D1
C. aurisERG3E68stop, L207I, W182stop3
C. aurisERG4M192I1
C. aurisERG5T290T1
C. aurisFCY1S70R1
C. aurisFCY2M128fs1
C. aurisFKS1F365L, F635C, F635del, F635I, F635L, F635Y, I694V, I701V, L148I, M690I, R1354H, R1354S, R937S, S639F, S639P, S639T, S639Y, W1471L, W691L19
C. aurisFLO8Q384stop1
C. aurisFUR1S84L1
C. aurisMEC3A272V1
C. aurisMRR1N647T1
C. aurisPEA2D367V1
C. aurisSNQ2K52N1
C. aurisSTE6K719N1
C. aurisTAC1A583S, A640V, D599G, S191fs4
C. aurisTAC1BA640V, S611P2
C. catenulataERG11Y132F1
C. dubliniensisERG11D225Y, D288G, F126L, F148L, G289D, G307A, G464S, I188V, L300P, P515S, R210G, R210I, R398G, R499K, S113F, T199A, V125A, V402G, V437A19
C. dubliniensisERG3H269N, H318N, P272L, Q160K, Q327K5
C. dubliniensisFKS1S645P1
C. dubliniensisMRR1C866Y, D987-I998del, S595Y, T374I, T985del5
C. glabrataAUS1F1380Y, H35Y2
C. glabrataCAGL0L04400gA58V, A933V, C24G, D229E, E574K, E710D, I137L, I346V, I593L9
C. glabrataCAGL0L09383gI185V, M202V, S116N3
C. glabrataCDR1H58Y, I1478M, M638I, N1108S, N813Y5
C. glabrataERG1P314fs1
C. glabrataERG11D196N, D234E, E287D, E418K, E502V, F466S, G236V, G315D, G457C, H146Q, H430P, I240F, I465T, K276N, K354R, K456R, L381M, M218K, M267L, M364L, M389V, N368T, R403G, V168F, V407F, V409L, V458F, Y141H, Y252S, Y405H30
C. glabrataERG2G119S, G122S, I207V, L60F, T121I, T121V6
C. glabrataERG3F226fs, G236D2
C. glabrataERG4P227fs1
C. glabrataERG6A158fs, C198F, L341del, V126F, W286del, Y192del6
C. glabrataERG9C128F, C344Y2
C. glabrataFCY1A15D, E17stop, G11D, H59D, T84L, T92delstop6
C. glabrataFCY2A237T, I384F2
C. glabrataFKS1A1037T, A1749V, A352D, A995T, C499fs, D140Y, D632E, D632G, D632H, D632V, D632Y, D648E, D648Y, F625C, F625del, F625I, F625L, F625S, F625Y, F641L, F641S, G14S, I634V, K1323E, K1323T, L195F, L630I, L630Q, L641I, L664R, P649H, R1361H, R631G, R631S, R636S, S502F, S625S, S629P, S629T, S642L, S645F, S645P, S645Y, V1342I, W508stop, W645stop, W929stop, Y1279F, Y1429X, Y3D50
C. glabrataFKS21547stop, 659del, A1390D, A450T, D648E, D663E, D666E, D666G, D666H, D666N, D666V, D666Y, del658F, E1117stop, E655A, E655K, E784G, E78D, F384Y, F641V, F641Y, F658del, F658Y, F659C, F659del, F659L, F659S, F659stop, F659V, F659Y, F663P, F708V, G1116D, G1534S, G680S, I1333F, I660_L661insF, I661F, I661_L662insF, I662W, K753Q, L1303F, L1381S, L632R, L644W, L646R, L660F, L662W, L664Q, L664R, L664V, L707S, L712stop, P1371S, P633T, P659del, P667F, P667H, P667T, Q12K, Q927R, R1377K, R1377stop, R1378G, R1378H, R631G, R663F, R665G, R665S, S629P, S633P, S645P, S659Y, S663A, S663F, S663P, S663Y, T458K, T926P, V1305I, W1375L, W1497stop, W715L, Y1825fs, Y657del, Y658N86
C. glabrataFKS3A1645V, A42G, F1768I, I3T, K206E, L884V, N108Y, N865S, R1472Q, R672K, S1840Y, Y1731C12
C. glabrataFLR1I116V, M103I, V254I3
C. glabrataFPS1A316S, N27H, Q533H3
C. glabrataFPS2A227S, A409T, D517Y, N18D, Q533H5
C. glabrataFUR1G190D, G210D, G71V, G73-V81del, I83K, L136R6
C. glabrataGAL11AS1084N, S134N, S965G3
C. glabrataGAL11B839Ginsertion, H322N, I615N, P372S, Q203P5
C. glabrataGWT1V163A1
C. glabrataHST1M70K1
C. glabrataMSH2A942T, D946E, E231G, E456D, E459K, I720T, L269F, L359S, N890I, P202S, P208S, Q386K, R847C, S431P, T772S, V239L, V239S17
C. glabrataPDH1E839D, K438Q2
C. glabrataPDR1226-Ins_KLTQAVN-227, A1004S, A731E, A828T, A848V, C469R, C930R, D1082G, D235N, D243N, D261G, D554E, D554G, D876N, D876Y, E1083Q, E259G, E340G, E369D, E441K, E492K, E555D, E555K, E590D, E714D, E818K, F439I, F559S, F575L, F944S, G1037A, G1079R, G1079V, G1088E, G1099D, G1099S, G128E, G189V, G250N, G334W, G346A, G346D, G346S, G348A, G348C, G348D, G348S, G493A, G493D, G558C, G574S, G583S, G611S, G943D, G943S, H288D, H576Y, I280F, I392M, I803T, K274N, K274Q, K430M, K67N, K778E, L139I, L280F, L281V, L291P, L328F, L344S, L347F, L454P, L825P, L946S, L98S, N1086Y, N1091D, N162S, N496S, N691D, N764D, N764I, N768D, N768I, N928I, P117S, P135T, P143T, P68S, P695L, P695R, P76S, P822L, P915R, P927R, P927S, R250K, R265G, R293I, R295G, R376G, R376Q, R376W, R592S, R761S, R772I, R792stop, R956G, S1048F, S216R, S316I, S337F, S343F, S391L, S76P, S942F, T1080I, T143P, T292K, T370I, T588A, T607S, T745A, T885A, V329A, V329F, W1098C, W256G, W297C, W297L, W297R, W297S, Y1094H, Y372C, Y372H, Y584C, Y682C138
C. glabrataPGS1E458D, I215F, N484S3
C. glabrataSIN3K288T, N50K2
C. glabrataSNQ2G1421S, Y777C2
C. glabrataUPC2AE822V, N304S, R92K3
C. glabrataZCF15A213T, G154N, M19I, N189T, P319H, Q193fs, S862L7
C. haemuloniiERG11Y132H1
C. haemuloniiFKS1R1354H1
C. kefyrERG11E123Q, K151E, K151R, Y227D4
C. kefyrERG2A113S, E105K, G121C, G90C, L107S5
C. kefyrERG3N313S, S218P2
C. kefyrERG6F363L, K163Q2
C. kefyrFKS1F641del, F641P, R1344S, R647G, S645P5
C. kruseiERG11A122S, A122V, A364V, Y132H, Y140H5
C. kruseiFKS1A647T, F645L, F655C, F655L, H675Q, L648W, L658W, L701M, P663Q, R1361G, S659F, S659P, S659S13
C. lusitaniaeERG11E115Q, K143E2
C. lusitaniaeERG3Q308K1
C. lusitaniaeFKS1F634del, F634V, L1355S, L685F, P642A, R1352C, R1352G, S631Y, S638P, S638Y10
C. lusitaniaeMRR1A550V, E722K, G1231stop, H467L, I599T, K912N, L1191H, P1174P, Q1197stop, R1066S, S359stop, Y1061stop, Y1126N, Y813C, Y813N15
C. lusitaniaeRLM1N181K1
C. lusitaniaeRPL8BA161V1
C. lusitaniaeSEC24T831T1
C. lusitaniaeSIP3D333K1
C. lusitaniaeSYG1E386K1
C. metapsilosisFKS1P660A1
C. orthopsilosisERG11Y132F1
C. orthopsilosisFKS1P660A, R1365T, V1364I3
C. parapsilosisCDR1N1132D, S79N2
C. parapsilosisERG11A395T, G307A, G458S, K128N, K143R, Q250K, R398I, T504L, T504S, T519A, W244L, Y132F12
C. parapsilosisERG3G111R, R135I2
C. parapsilosisFKS1A1422G, A660P, E1393G, F1386S, F652S, M1328I, P660A, R658G, S656P, S745L, V595I11
C. parapsilosisMDR1I396V1
C. parapsilosisMRR1A619V, A854V, A859T, D615G, G294E, G427V, G472V, G53A, G583R, G604R, G927D, G982R, I283R, K129fs, K177N, K873N, L419F, L779F, L926stop, L986P, P250S, P255L, P295L, P295R, Q1027R, Q1053del, Q1053X, Q1064P, Q1074stop, R405K, R479K, S1081P, S614P, W872C, Y552H35
C. parapsilosisTAC1A21V, A761G, D603V, G490R, G650E, L390I, L518F, L578M, L877P, L978W, M966V, N7Y, N900D, P150H, P803L, Q965K, S760R17
C. parapsilosisUPC2A793S, D394N, E7stop, G342S, L38I, P45H, Q371H, Q372H8
C. tropicalisERG1N74H1
C. tropicalisERG11D445V, D448G, D454N, G464D, G464S, K143R, K143X, L333I, L403-V528del, R245K, S154C, S154F, V125A, Y132C, Y132F, Y257H16
C. tropicalisERG3S113G, 378fs2
C. tropicalisFKS1D648V, F641L, F641S, F650S, F76S, G324R, L644W, M1235I, R1220T, R656G, S30P, S645F, S645P, S647G, S654F, S654P, S80P17
C. tropicalisMDR1E133D, P448L, V76A3
C. tropicalisMRR1A647S, T255P2
C. tropicalisTAC1N164I, R47Q2
C. tropicalisUPC2301-304del, A251T, A297S, G392E, L168P, L343F, Q289L, Q320insertPP, Q340H, T241A, T381S, T393I12

List of clinical/investigational antifungals and genes involved in drug-resistant Candida strains

Drugs Genes Species
5-FlucytosineADE17, CDR1, ERG11, ERG9, FCY1, FCY2, FKS1, FUR1, PDR1C. albicans, C. auris, C. glabrata
Amphotericin BADE17, AUS1, CDR1, CIS2, ERG1, ERG11, ERG2, ERG3, ERG4, ERG5, ERG6, FCY1, FKS1, FKS2, FLO8, FPS1, FPS2, MEC3, MSH2, orf19.7235, PDR1, PEA2, RPP1A, SNQ2, STE6, TAC1C. albicans, C. auris, C. glabrata, C. kefyr, C. lusitaniae, C. tropicalis
AnidulafunginADE17, CDR1, CIS2, ERG11, ERG2, ERG3, ERG4, ERG5, FCY1, FCY2, FKS1, FKS2, FLR1, FUR1, GSC1, MDR1, MSH2, PDR1, SNQ2, STE6, TAC1, UPC2, ZCF15C. albicans, C. auris, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. haemulonii, C. kefyr, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. metapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis
BeauvericinZCF29C. albicans
CaspofunginADE17, CDR1, CIS2, ERG11, ERG2, ERG3, ERG4, ERG5, FCY1, FCY2, FKS1, FKS2, FKS3, FLR1, FPS1, FPS2, FUR1, GSC1, MSH2, PDR1, PEA2, SNQ2, STE6, TAC1, UPC2, ZCF15C. albicans, C. auris, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. haemulonii, C. kefyr, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. metapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis
ClotrimazoleERG11, ERG3, ERG5, PDR1C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis
FluconazoleADE17, AUS1, CAGL0L04400g, CAGL0L09383g, CAP1, CDR1, CIS2, ERG1, ERG11, ERG2, ERG3, ERG4, ERG5, ERG6, ERG9, FCY1, FCY2, FKS1, FKS2, FKS3, FLO8, FLR1, FPS1, FPS2, FUR1, GAL11A, GAL11B, HST1, MDR1, MEC3, MRR1, MRR2, MSH2, PDH1, PDR1, PEA2, SIN3, SNQ2, STE6, TAC1, TAC1B, UPC2, UPC2AC. albicans, C. auris, C. catenulata, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. haemulonii, C. kefyr, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. orthopsilosis, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis
IbrexafungerpFKS1, FKS2C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis
IsavuconazoleADE17, CDR1, ERG11, ERG2, ERG3, ERG6, FCY1, FKS1, FKS2, PDR1, TAC1C. albicans, C. auris, C. glabrata
ItraconazoleCAP1, CDR1, ERG1, ERG11, ERG2, ERG3, ERG4, ERG5, ERG6, ERG9, FCY2, FKS1, FKS2, FLR1, MRR1, MSH2, PDR1, TAC1, UPC2C. albicans, C. auris, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. orthopsilosis, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis
KetoconazoleCDR1, ERG11, ERG3, ERG5, PDR1C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis
ManogepixGWT1C. albicans, C. glabrata
MicafunginADE17, CDR1, CIS2, ERG11, ERG3, ERG4, ERG5, ERG6, FCY1, FCY2, FKS1, FKS2, FLR1, FUR1, GSC1, MSH2, PDR1, RLM1, RPL8B, SEC24, SIP3, SNQ2, STE6, SYG1, UPC2, ZCF15C. albicans, C. auris, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. haemulonii, C. kefyr, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. metapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis
NystatinCDR2C. albicans
PosaconazoleADE17, CDR1, ERG1, ERG11, ERG2, ERG3, ERG4, ERG9, FCY1, FCY2, FKS1, FKS2, FKS3, FLR1, FPS1, FPS2, MRR1, MSH2, PDR1, PGS1, TAC1, UPC2C. albicans, C. auris, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. orthopsilosis, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis
ProchlorazPDR1C. glabrata
RavuconazoleERG11, FKS1C. albicans
RezafunginFKS1, FKS2C. albicans, C. auris, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis
VoriconazoleADE17, AUS1, CAGL0L04400g, CAGL0L09383g, CAP1, CDR1, ERG1, ERG11, ERG2, ERG3, ERG4, ERG5, ERG6, ERG9, FCY1, FCY2, FKS1, FKS2, FKS3, FLR1, FPS1, FPS2, FUR1, GAL11A, GAL11B, HST1, MDR1, MRR1, MSH2, PDH1, PDR1, PGS1, SIN3, SNQ2, TAC1, UPC2, UPC2AC. albicans, C. auris, C. glabrata, C. kefyr, C. krusei, C. orthopsilosis, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis